Freshwater and Sand: 99.51%

Other: 0.49%

• Additive Type

  Main Compound

  Purpose

  Common Use of Main Compound Additive

• Acid

  Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid

  Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock

  Swimming pool chemical and cleaner

• Anti-bacterial agents

  Glutaraldehyde

  Eliminates bacteria in the water that produce corrosive by-products

  Disinfectant; Sterilizer for medical and dental equipment

• Breaker

  Ammonium persulfate

  Allows a delayed break down of the gel used to thicken the water in order to suspend the sand

  Used in hair coloring, as a disinfectant,and in manufacture of common household plastics

• Corrosion inhibitor

  n,n-dimethylformamide

  Prevents the corrosion of the pipe

  Used in pharmaceuticals, acrylic fibers and plastics

• Crosslinker

  Borate salts

  Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases

  Used in laundry detergents, hand soaps and cosmetics

• Friction reducer

  Petroleum distillate

  “Slicks” the water to minimize friction

  Used in cosmetics including hair, make-up, nail and skin products

• Gel

  Guar gum or hydroxyethyl cellulose

  Thickens the water in order to suspend the sand

  Thickener used in cosmetics, baked goods, ice cream, toothpaste, sauces, and salad dressings

• Iron control

  Citric acid

  Prevents precipitation of metal oxides

  Food additive; food and beverages; lemon juice ~7% citric acid

• KCl

  Potassium chloride

  Creates a brine carrier fluid

  Used in low-sodium table salt substitute, medicines and IV fluids

• Oxygen scavenger

  Ammonium bisulfite

  Removes oxygen from the water to protect the pipe from corrosion

  Used in cosmetics, food and beverage processing and water treatment

• pH adjusting agent

  Sodium or potassium carbonate

  Maintains the effectiveness of other components, such as crosslinkers

  Used in laundry detergents, soap, water softener and dish washer detergents

• Proppant

  Silica, quartz sand

  Allows the fractures to remain open so the gas can escape

  Drinking water filtration, play sand, concrete and brick mortar

• Scale inhibitor

  Ethylene glycol

  Prevents scale deposits in the pipe

  Used in household cleanser, de-icer, paint and caulk

• Surfactant

  Isopropanol

  Used to increase the viscosity of the fracture fluid

  Used in glass cleaner, multi-surface cleanser, antiperspirant, deodorant and hair coloring